Best Book Of The Years. Basic engineering books. A short summary of. Computer Forensics Textbook free Download. Electronic Devices and Circuits RL. Basic Concepts in Turbomachinery. Start your free trial. Bhavikatti About this Book. Fundamentals of refrigeration thermodynamics. Access an unlimited number of books audiobooks magazines and more at Scribd. Download P. Sinha is very useful for Computer Science and Engineering CSE students and also who are all having an interest to develop their knowledge in the field of Computer Science as well as Information Technology.
This Book provides an clear examples on each and every topics covered in the contents of the book to provide an every user those who are read to develop their knowledge. The reason is the electronic devices divert your attention and also cause strains while reading eBooks. Computer Fundamentals is written in a manner that it can be used as a textbook for many introductory courses related to IT and Computer Science. For beginners, it is useful because of its sheer simplicity and explanation of fundamentals.
The book has numerous illustrative diagrams, practical examples, chapter summaries, end-of-chapter questions, and a glossary of important terms. The most used is the internal hard disk, which usually is inside the computer box and can not be moved.
Its size currently ranges from GB to 2 TB. On the other hand, an external hard disk is outside the computer, has the same size and obviously can be moved. Its only disadvantage is being slightly slower. They are not disks at all, but very large memory cards shaped like a hard disks which can entirely replace the internal hard disk.
Their main advantages are that not having moving parts they do not rotate at high speed like hard disks are more robust and that in most situations they are faster than hard disks up to 10 times faster.
Their disadvantage is the limited size which currently is GB and their high price. Page 2 of 33 Edition 8. They contain about MB and 4 GB, respectively. Memory stick or USB pen drive is the most used way to temporary store and move data. Its size is now up to 64 GB, however its reliability is not perfect, therefore it is used mostly to move data. Other common ways to store and move data are through a memory card, used by external devices such as photo cameras, mobile phones or music players.
Software Software can be divided into three big categories: operating systems, programs and data. Programs are software which is used to do particular tasks, e. Word for document writing, Explorer for Internet navigation, the Calculator for mathematical operations. Data is everything which is produced either by the user or by programs sometimes even by the operating system to store information, e.
Software licenses Software can be divided, from a commercial point of view, using two features: the cost and the permission to be modified. The producers of this software are either public institutions such as universities, or developers who do it for personal interest or advertisement or private company who do it for dumping reasons. Some examples are Skype communication program or Linux operating system; Edition 8. This software typically is also offered on the web and in this case the user does not have to care about installation nor updates.
Only the costumer may use it. The permission to be modified can seem a trivial question for the novice user, however for program developers and computer experts being authorized to modify a software is a great advantage since it can be improved, checked for errors and tailored to specific needs.
The software developers at the same time legally authorize any modification and they distribute the source of the software to put other developers in a condition to easily modify it. Open source software is also automatically freeware.
The most typical example is Linux operating system. Obviously the version numbers of open source software changes rapidly, due to the many developers working on them. Data format licenses Data need to be saved with a certain structure, called formats. For example, a plain text file may be simply saved as a sequence of letters and symbols, which corresponds to the TXT format.
More complex structures, such as images, videos, but also formatted texts, need more elaborated formats to be stored.
In this way only programs build by that company can use those data files and no other company is able to Page 4 of 33 Edition 8.
Paolo Coletti endanger its monopoly. A famous example is DOC format which, until , was kept secret by Microsoft, thus preventing competitors from building alternatives to Microsoft Word program. Edition 8. Paolo Coletti Basic Computer course book 2. Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is currently the market leader operating system, it is the usual interface which appears when the user turns on a personal computer with Windows operating system.
Versions and editions Microsoft released Windows XP in and for many years it has been the main Microsoft operative system. Windows Vista was released in and it was not a market success. Starter Microsoft released Windows 7 in , which is the currently more widespread Microsoft operative system. It is available in only three editions.
When the computer is switched on, it asks the user which operating system he would like to use and, after a short time, it starts with the default operating system. In case the user wants to use a different operating systems, he obviously must restart the computer. When this happens, it is usually caused by the program that is used and therefore the first thing to do is to try to close the current program.
If this does not improve the situation, the only other solution left is to turn off the computer. Paolo Coletti 1. In any case all the current unsaved work will be lost; in the last two cases the operating system can sometimes be damaged but very often it will repair by itself the next time the computer is turned on.
Therefore it is always a very good idea to save very often the current work, especially when it is important, urgent, or difficult to redo. Keyboards and languages Before starting this section it is necessary to take a close look at your keyboard. Another operation which can be useful in a multilanguage environment is changing the keyboard.
While this can be done from the Language menu of the Control Panel, it is much easier to adjust it directly from the right side of the application bar, simply clicking on keyboard icon and selecting the appropriate one.
File system Before starting this section it is necessary to do the following operations: 1. In this way extensions see section 2.
Page 8 of 33 Edition 8. Paolo Coletti 2. Files and directories Software is stored on storage devices in a special container called file. The operating system uses a lot of files for itself and for its data, a program usually uses one file for itself and other files for its data, and the user uses some files for his data. A file is represented by a small picture called icon.
Another special object is the directory or folder, which is basically a container for files and other directories and is represented with an icon depicting a yellow closed or open folder.
Double clicking on a directory opens a new window which presents the directory content. Each storage device is a big directory, accessible from My Computer window, which contains directories and files. Each file and directory can be univocally identified by its absolute path or address. While, the HPeDiag. Note that, for Windows operating system, capital or small caps letters in paths are perfectly equal.
A special and tricky object is the link or shortcut. Although its icon looks like a file icon, the small curved arrow on the left corner clearly indicates that this object is a link. A link is simply an address to a file or directory, it is not a real file or directory. When the user clicks on the link, the computer behaves exactly as if the user is clicking on the real file or directory if Windows can find the real one, which is not the case if in the meantime somebody deleted or moved it.
Therefore it is a good idea for novice users to avoid using links at all. If no program is associated with that file type, Windows asks the user which program should open the file. Copying a file means reproducing it to another location or to the same location with a different name. Copying a directory means reproducing it to another location, or to the same location with a different name, together with its entire tree of subdirectories and files.
If a plus symbol does not appear, press CTRL key to have it appear while dragging. Point the mouse to the destination and click the right mouse button.
Moving a file means moving it to another location losing the file in the original place. Moving a directory means moving it to another location together with its entire tree of subdirectories and files. A link is created in the same directory. Deleting a file means often putting it into the trash can where it can be recuperated unless the trash can is emptied.
Deleting a directory means putting it to the trash can together with its entire tree of subdirectories and files. Pay special attention, since not always the trash can works as user expects and sometimes files are deleted without passing through the trash can. To rename a file or directory, simply select the object, click on the name and retype it. Usually Windows accepts most names, but novice users should stick with only letters, numbers and spaces, since other characters may be forbidden.
After the creation, rename it. Sometimes files occupy a lot of space and need to be reduced to save disk space or to be sent by email; other times files must be put in a package to remain together or to be sent as a single file via email. To compress a set of files and directories: 1.
When double clicking on a compressed file, if the compression program is properly installed, it will open in a window as if it were a directory. Files can be copied from this window to a real directory simply dragging them to the directory.
File types Windows identifies a file type by its extension, which is everything after the last dot in the filename. Usually it is a 3 or 4 character acronym. Using the file extension, Windows knows the file type and decides which program will open that file. If the file extension does not show up, follow the instructions at section 2. The most important file types are: Edition 8. File permissions For each file Windows 7 operative system uses a permission. The security dialog box shows the list of users or groups of users who may access this object, while not listed users may not access it.
The owner of the file usually has full control on it and may change permissions or add new authorized groups or users. A special group is the Administrators group containing the users involved in technical administration of computers which has full control on every object. These are called network folders. Some of them are: Page 12 of 33 Edition 8.
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