The poverty gap shows how far a household falls below the poverty line, so in other words it shows the depth of, or degree of poverty. In some regions, many people may be below the poverty line but they may be just a little bit below it. In other provinces fewer people could be below the poverty line but they could be far below it.
These two types of poverty distribution in population clearly need a different reaction. Groups that are affected by poverty: There are many groups that are greatly impacted by poverty. Women: Reports have shown that Women makes a greater percentage of poor people as compared to men. The main cause for this is that women have generally found less access to education and employment. Many women have always performed unpaid work as mothers, housewives. Many women are employed in less salary job such as domestic and farm labour.
Even within poor household women usually earn less than men and property and possessions are often in the name of a man. The UN has found that although women perform nearly two thirds of the world's work, they receive only one tenth of the world's income and they own only one hundredth of the world's property. Children: Another group that is most affected by poverty is children. Currently, some of the poorest households in South Africa are those headed by children where parents are either ill or have died from AIDS or other causes.
Even in families where parents are still present, children are very badly affected by malnutrition and it has its most severe effect on children between the ages of six months and two years. Malnutrition also means that the children can more easily catch diseases and either die young or have poor physical and mental development as a result. Poverty restricts the access to children to get educational opportunities, especially in early childhood development.
Many poor children also leave school before completing elementary education. Socio-economic circumstance conditions in childhood which result in low qualifications in adulthood help transmit poverty across generations. A main cause of child poverty is a lack of opportunities among parents with low skills and low qualifications. Such parents are less likely to work, and if they do work they are more likely to have low earnings.
Youth: Young people have to suffer a lot due to poverty because they may be deprived of education facility which in turn limits employment opportunities. In India, with high unemployment rate, many young people do not get work which degrades their standard of living and they are not being able to access numerous facilities. Urban youth are also very susceptible to getting involved in crime, gangs and drug or alcohol abuse. The elderly: Older people do not have employment and have to be taken care of by the rest of society.
In India, most poor older people survive on the monthly pensions paid by the state. Because of high unemployment, many families share the pensions meant for the elderly and it ends up being inadequate for their needs.
Older people also often look after grandchildren and continue to perform unpaid domestic work for their families. This especially applies to older women. Poverty and environmental issues: In global society, poverty is prevalent.
There is a general agreement among academicians that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation. Various international reports asserted that poverty leads to environmental degradation. In theoretical literature, it was clearly shown that, poverty is main reason of environmental problems and it is necessary to improve the conditions of poor populace and central condition of any effective programmes addressing the environment.
According to Jalal , the Asian Development Bank's chief of the environment department, "It is generally accepted that environmental degradation, rapid population growth and stagnant production are closely linked with the fast spread of acute poverty in many countries of Asia. The urban poor contribute very little to environmental degradation because they use so few resources and produce so few wastes. Since the s it has been agreed at global level that poverty and environmental degradation are inseparably linked.
The World Commission on Environment and Development Brundtland Commission stated that Poverty is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems.
It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality Poverty and Population Explosion: Poverty remains major issues where population increases at rapid rate.
Poverty in India is common with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. Population growth rate is one of major ground of poverty in India. This has adverse effect level of illiteracy, poor health care facilities and lack of access to financial resources.
High population growth affects the per capita income and makes per capita income even lower. It is predictable that population in India will reach 1. But India's economy is not growing at the same rate.
This leads of unemployment and people may become poor. This number is higher than the million poor living in the 26 poorest African nations. Population and poverty are closely related to each other and leads to malnutrition, unemployment, homelessness and several others problems. Social Inequality: One of the engrained sources of poverty around the globe is social inequality which originates from cultural ideas about the relative worth of different genders, races, ethnic groups, and social classes.
Recognized inequality works by placing individuals in dissimilar social categories at birth, often based on religious, ethnic, or 'racial' characteristics.
Poverty and social inequality have direct and indirect impacts on the social, mental and physical health of an individual. It can be said that poverty and inequality are closely related. Wilkinson supposed that income inequality leads to psychosoecial stress, which results in deteriorating health and higher mortality over time. However, the association between income inequality and life expectancy is gradually disappearing and is no longer generally accepted.
Those who live in deprived societies, where there is under-investment in the social and physical infrastructure, experience poor health, resulting in higher mortality for those of lower socio-economic class.
The effects of income inequality also tumble over into society, causing stress, frustration and family disruption, which then increase the rates of crime, murder and violence Wilkinson, Poverty, inequality and growth interrelate with one another. Inequality can indirectly influence poverty as inequality affects growth and growth in turn influences poverty. Wodon stated that Changes in income distribution have even huge effects on measures of the depth and severity of poverty.
Initial cross-country studies conducted by Birdsall et al. It is established that Poverty and inequality are inherently linked. Poverty reduction especially for the poorest can be greatly enhanced through distributional policies.
Facts confirm that distribution is vital to reduce poverty. Distribution objectives, particularly for assets, should be an integral part of the poverty reduction programme.
Poverty and Space Technology development: Poverty has adverse impact on technical development in space arena. India is a world innovator in space science. But the reach within the local Indian community is superseded and immobile. Incorporation of the extensive advancements of this area with the school going children is not up to the mark. Awareness must be created in the student community. Space science is restricted to organizations like the ISRO and so, establishing oneself in this field is very infertile.
Poverty and employment issue: It is a major issue in country like India. In the presence of inadequate subsidies and low levels of wealth, joblessness will be correlated with high degrees of poverty. However, employment alone may not assure a non-poor status. In India, majority of people do not get high salary to buy the minimum consumption products. It is vital for policy maker to comprehend that whether poverty is a result of a lack of employment opportunities, or due to low wages. If all employed persons get sufficient wages to live above the poverty line but not all persons are employed, the mandatory approach is one of employment generating policies.
If people are employed but have low productivity and earn low incomes, then the policy prescription is one of increasing the productivity of labour. In India, the actual poverty calculation is done as the consumption of the entire household is obtained and divided by the household size. This gives the per capita consumption in the household. If this is below the given poverty line, then the entire household is termed as poor. Poverty is a household characteristic. Inter-State Disparities The proportion of poor people is not the same in every state.
Recent estimates show while the all India HCR was Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of The states successful in reducing poverty have adopted different methods for doing so. Some examples are. These are stated below. In South-East Asia and China, there is a decline in poverty due to rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development. In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has increased since due to successive droughts and other reasons.
Economic Growth It is a term which defines an increase in real output of a country. Causes of Poverty Poverty continues in India for a variety of reasons. These are. Anti-Poverty Measures Removal of poverty has been one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy.
The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based on the following two objectives. Economic growth was low till the s but has increased significantly since then, causing significant poverty reduction. The high economic growth helps in a significant reduction of poverty.
There is strong linkage between economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic growth widens opportunities and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. High economic growth encourages people to send their children including the girl child to school with hope of better economic returns from investing in education. The poof may not take direct advantage of economic growth. Due to lack of growth in the agricultural sector, the large number of people remain poor in rural areas.
The results of these programmes have been mixed due to lack of proper implementation and improper targeting. Also, some schemes overlap others.
Thus, the benefits of these schemes are not fully reaching the deserving poor. So, now the government is emphasising more on proper monitoring of all these programmes. Millennium Development Goals These are eight international development goals that were officially established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in , following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Challenges to Poverty Reduction Poverty reduction is still a major challenge in India, due to the wide differences between regions as well as rural and urban areas.
Further, poverty should include not only the matter of the adequate amount of food but other factors like education, healthcare, shelter, job security, gender, equality, dignity and so on. These give us the concept of human poverty. Poverty reduction is expected to be lower in the next years. In addition to anti-poverty measures, the government should focus on the following to reduce poverty. Summary The most difficult challenge faced by independent India is poverty. The poverty line is an imaginary line used by any country to determine is poverty.
It varies time to time, place to place and country to country. The organisation is under the Ministry of statistics and programme implementation of the Government of India. Female infants, women and elderly member are not given equal access to resources available to the family.
The proportion of people living under poverty in different countries is defined by the international poverty line i. There is decline in poverty in South-East Asia and China due to rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development. There are many causes for the prevalence of poverty in India like unemployment, low economic development and income inequalities.
Poverty reduction is still a major challenge in India, due to the wide differences between regions as well as rural and urban areas. If you have any query regarding Poverty as a Challenge Class 9 Economics Chapter 3 Notes, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest. The bankrupt on Globalization Poverty and Inequality.
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